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SysOp's Arsenal 1 (Arsenal Computer).ISO
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1994-12-16
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201 lines
You Can't Just Plug Your Computer Into The Wall!
by James V. Dinkey
If you think a dedicated line is the end of your computer problems,
read this.
In much of their sales literature, the many various computer
manufacturers state that all you have to do to get their computers
operating is to merely plug them into the wall.
Not true!
What the manufacturers really mean is that if the power available at
the wall is manufactured by Snow-White and the Seven Dwarfs, you
stand a pretty good chance of not having power supply problems.
But in reality, with the advent of distributed data processing, and
more recently with the advent of the personal home or office system,
the computer has been attached to whatever is handy rather than to a
properly selected power source. We're all guilty of the choice, we
just don't want to pay the money for a proper power supply. So we
hope all will go well and despair when it does not.
In reality, the dedicated line is not nearly sufficient protection.
Most manufacturers state in the material delivered with the computer
that the voltage is to be 117 V +/- 15% or 20%. On the surface of
it that looks fine except that there are factors that virtually all
personnel tend to conveniently forget -- like spikes. Inductive
components generate spikes. Copiers and plant air conditioning
units are the most common spike generators. Even high current
loads, such as heaters, generate spikes in association with the
inductance of the distribution wiring and service transformer.
For the moment, let's look at the specification of the computer.
That statement of 117 volts +/- 20% means 117 volts +/- 23.4 volts
(or not less than 93.6 volts or more than 140.4 volts, all RMS).
But it is a demonstrable fact that an office copier will often
generate spikes in excess of 100 volts when turned off for the day
and spikes of about 110 volts while running. These voltages ride
the normal sine wave voltage and add to, or subtract from it.
Admittedly, the duration of the spike is extremely short, but
nevertheless real.
So we can conclude beyond all doubt that even a spike as short as 2
msec at 100 volts is sufficient to go through most power supplies,
and is therefore sufficient to adversely affect a computer.
There are three distinct types of power problems which must be
handled by computer power supplies:
- impulses (spikes or transients)
- sags and surges; and
- voltage swings
For purposes of our discussion, the definitions of the above are as
follows:
An impulse is a short-duration voltage excursion: short-duration
means 2msec or less. A sag, or surge, is a one or two cycle voltage
excursion. A swing is a gradual change in voltage lasting more than
10 seconds and taking at least 10 seconds to move at least three
volts. The last two items, sags (surges) and swings are usually
handled quite effectively by the computer manufacturer's power supply. But the first impulses are usually a very different story.
The only proper way to find out what is affecting your equipment is
to get a power line disturbance analyzer. You can rent one for
about $150.
The place not to go to get the power line disturbance analyzer is
your local power company. Basically, the power company is not
geared to handle your specific needs and their equipment is not
designed to monitor spikes. Even if it were designed to measure the
parameters you would like to have measured, the power company would
usually attach it to the outside of the building at the service
entrance. This is in line with the power company's policy of
monitoring only the delivery of power, thereby divorcing themselves
from any problems caused within the customer's building. Such a
policy is correct from the power company's viewpoint, but it doesn't
do a user much good if the customer is causing his own problems
inside the building.
The chances are excellent that the problem you've been having, or
will have, is a result of impulses going into your computer, if the
specifications are 117 volts +/- 20% volts, then a spike of not much
more than 40 volts will exceed the manufacturer's specifications.
What can cause this phenomena? Inductive devices! (See how many
you have in your own environment) --
- refrigerators,
- air conditioning units (permanent roof and window),
- office copiers,
- typewriters,
- computer printers and terminals, and
- mechanical adding machines.
Even stoves, heaters, and coffee pots can be source of trouble as a
result of the mechanism of line inductance in the local power
system.
If any of these appliances sound familiar to you, the chances are
excellent that your computer has been acting in strange ways for
reasons that are no fault but your own: have been operating your
computer in environments that are outside of its stated design
limitations.
I recently placed a power line disturbance analyzer on a machine
that was having a significant number of operating system "hangups."
With the aid of the analyzer, we were able to establish that our
office copier was generating spikes of sufficient strength to send
an impulse down the copier's dedicated line. . This impulse arrived
at our computer as a spike of 112 volts. And if the peak of the
sine wave had received the "hit" then the instantaneous voltage
would have been well over 250 volts, far exceeding the design
criterion stated by the manufacturer. In addition, our air
conditioning units were putting out 80 volt spikes for a peak total
of over 190 volts. Furthermore, these impulses had a fast rise
time, creating an electromagnetic interference problem similar to CB
radio or radar, but within the computer mainframe!
Therefore, a dedicated line is of little value! Why? Because it is
only a partial solution, regardless of what a computer salesman
might tell you. If one does put in a dedicated line to a computer,
it eliminates the problem of spike sources directly adjacent to the
computer, but does nothing about associated devices. Ergo: What
most people don't appreciate about the so-called "solution" of a
dedicated line is that the energy impulse initiated by some
inductive sources (see again the list above) is propagated down to the power distribution box and split up among the various circuits
according to the inverse ratio of the circuits impedances.
For discussion's sake, let's assume that there are 20 circuits into
the distribution box, but only four are active -- i.e., an appliance
is turned on in only four of them. The others are off an
accordingly present infinite impedance. As a result, the energy
released from one circuit is going to be spread among the remaining
three.
One circuit is, of course, the feeder from the street, a feeder
transformer. It has a lower impedance than the other circuits, but
its value is not zero, particularly at high frequencies. The
salesman may have told you that the impulse energy is going to be
totally soaked up by the transformer. Not true! Some of the energy
undoubtedly is going to go into the transformer and be lost, but a
fair part of it is going to be distributed to each of the active
circuits in the system. The amount going to each will be inversely
proportional to its impedance. The largest proportion of the energy
will therefore go into the street transformer or panel box feed, but
a significant remainder will go down the dedicated line to your
computer.
Obviously, the answer to the spike problem is some sort of
filtering. When discussing the type of filter a distinction must be
made between an active and a passive filter. An active filtering
effect "follows the sine wave around" clamping any voltage spikes it
may encounter. A passive filter is usually intended to operate when
the frequency is incorrect or the excursion of the voltage lies
outside of the "envelope" or range of acceptable values.
The envelope method does not protect the computer from a 100-volt
spike appearing at the bottom (or top) of a cycle. And it will go
undetected by the envelope filter and the effect may be to ask the
power supply to filter out a 100-volt spike. The short impulse will
almost certainly find its way into the computer itself.
Putting a transformer into the computer line, although usually
helpful, doesn't solve the problem either. It doesn't make much
difference whether all those high-falootin' terms like "differential
mode" or "common mode" apply. Snow White doesn't really care -- she
just wants her computer to work without problems. It is true that
Snow White should probably gather together all of her seven dwarfs
and pound a rod about eight feet into the ground. Then she should
attach the ground (green wire) of the computer to the rod (or a
water pipe if the dwarfs are recalcitrant about physical labor).
But it's amazing how full of spikes even those so-called "grounded
boxes" are!
In general the only proper way to handle the spike problem is to
either "remanufacture" the power by use of an M-G set (very
expensive), or use an "active" filter or a good Uninterruptable
Power Supply (UPS). An active filter for 30 amps costs only $250 vs
about $600 for a transformer and $3,000 for any M-G set. A filter
for 6 amps is about $100. A good UPS starts at $400.
So whether you are dealing with a minicomputer in a small business
or your own home computer, losses of information or the computer's
"acting queer" can be stopped by careful control of the power with
the "active" filter probably the best and most cost-effective
solution for the small-system user.
*Reprinted from "The Open Channel"
Note: The Superior Electric UPS sold by GW Associates has active
filtering as a part of the system and good "active filters" are also
available from GWA. Call our customer support BBS at (508) 429-8385
or call us voice at (508) 429-6227 for more information. We have
years of experience in troubleshooting electrical and static related
problems and will be happy to be of help.